Upper extremity orthosis focuses on providing support and alignment to the shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, and hand. These orthotic devices are utilized in various conditions such as hand injuries, flexor and extensor tendon injuries, and nerve injuries involving the radial and ulnar nerves. By offering stability and promoting proper alignment, upper extremity orthoses assist in the rehabilitation process, enhance functionality, and prevent further damage.

• Lumbar Traction: Lumbar traction involves the application of traction control to the lower back region, targeting the lumbar vertebrae and associated structures. It can be administered in a supine or prone position, with the patient secured on a traction table or using a harness system. Lumbar traction devices may utilize mechanical traction, such as motorized traction units, or manual techniques performed by a skilled physiotherapist. The goal of lumbar traction is to alleviate lower back pain, reduce pressure on spinal discs, and improve spinal mobility.
• Shoulder and Arm Orthosis: These braces are designed to support and stabilize the shoulder joint, providing relief in cases of instability, injuries, or post-operative rehabilitation.
• Elbow Orthosis: Elbow braces are used to manage conditions like tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and post-fracture rehabilitation, providing support and reducing strain on the joint.
• Wrist Orthosis: Wrist braces offer support, stability, and immobilization for conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, wrist sprains, and fractures.
• Hand Orthosis: These orthotic devices are tailored to address specific hand injuries, including fractures, tendon injuries, and nerve compressions.

Lower extremity orthosis encompasses braces and devices designed for the ankle, foot, knee, and hip joints. These devices provide support, stability, and alignment, facilitating mobility and preventing further damage. Some commonly used orthoses include:

• Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO): An AFO is a boot-like device with an ankle joint fixed through metal uprights extending up to the calf region. It is utilized for foot deformities, nerve injuries, and diabetic foot conditions, providing support and proper alignment.
• Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis (KAFO): KAFOs offer stability and support to the knee, ankle, and foot. They are beneficial in cases of joint instability, such as bow legs or knock knees, distributing joint forces and reducing stress on specific compartments.
• Knee Braces: These braces are prescribed for severe osteoarthritis, providing stability and support to the knee joint, relieving pain, and improving function.
• Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis: This extended orthosis offers comprehensive support for individuals with weakened or strained muscles controlling the joint, aiding in their rehabilitation and improving joint stability.

Certain conditions require specialized braces and orthotic devices to address unique challenges:

• ASH Brace: The ASH (Anterior Spinal Hyperextension) brace features padded support in the thoracolumbar region, maintaining extension of the spine. It is primarily used for conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis and post-surgical stabilization.
• Milwaukee Brace: The Milwaukee brace is commonly prescribed for children with dynamic scoliosis. It consists of a full-torso brace with a neck ring, exerting corrective forces to halt the progression of the spinal curvature.
• Boston Brace: The Boston brace is a modular orthosis used for the treatment of scoliosis. It offers varying degrees of control and can be adjusted as the condition progresses.

• Muscle Weakness: Braces can compensate for weak muscles, providing stability and support.
• Loss of Structural Integrity: In cases of structural instability, orthoses can help restore proper alignment and prevent further damage.
• Load Bearing Problems: Braces can redistribute forces and alleviate pressure on specific joints, aiding in weight-bearing activities.
• Upper Motor Neuron Lesion: Orthotic devices can assist individuals with motor neuron lesions in maintaining proper movement patterns and functionality.

• Severe Deformity: Orthoses may not be suitable for severe deformities that cannot be accommodated or managed effectively.
• Limitations on Normal Joint Movements: If a brace restricts movement at other healthy joints, alternative options should be explored.
• Skin Infections: Open wounds, infections, or skin conditions may contraindicate the use of braces until the condition is resolved.
• Interference with Lifestyle or Clothing: Braces that significantly restrict activities or limit one's personal style may not be suitable for individuals with certain preferences or needs.
• Lack of Motivation or Psychological Factors: If a person lacks the motivation to use the brace or faces psychological barriers, alternative treatment options should be considered.